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  MOHGNI, MOSSAMBI, WR-1, KAGAJI SEEDLESS LEMON, GUAVA.

Guava fruit (amrud fruit)/Psidium guajava

a tropical delight known for its irresistible taste and nutritional benefits, holds tremendous potential for farmers seeking profitable agricultural ventures. Guava fruit has huge demand among consumers of all ages across the globe.

In India, the Guava fruit is commonly known as “Amrud/Amrood” in the Hindi-speaking stage. Along with various uses of guava for health, this has unmatched agriculture significance as well. When done right, Guava cultivation (amrud ki kheti) is a profitable business and requires not much care.

This comprehensive guide will walk you through every aspect of guava fruit farming, equipping you with the knowledge and techniques needed for guava cultivation successfully from the orchard to the market. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced farmer, this guava fruit plantation guide will provide invaluable insights to maximize your guava farming endeavors.

An Introduction to the Guava Fruit (Amrood Fruit)
guava fruits

A wise farmer is one that knows the crop well before cultivation as it helps adopt the right practices and procedures that will lead to a high yield. So, we will discuss a few things like characteristics and some other important details about guava fruit first.

As we all know, guava or Psidium guajava is a fruit that grows on evergreen trees belonging to the Myrtaceae family. The flesh of the guava fruit is typically white, yellow, or pink, based on colors guava is also known as red guava or pink guava, white guava, etc. and it contains numerous small, edible seeds at the center.

Some popular guava fruit varieties include Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow 49, Lalit, and Sardar. Guava fruit is often known as a nutrient powerhouse because it is a rich source of vitamins A, C, and E, as well as dietary fiber and antioxidants.

In addition to this, guava fruit is also rich in minerals like potassium, magnesium, and folate. All these nutrients bring tons of health benefits for those who consume this fruit regularly. No wonder why it enjoys substantial global demand. In domestic markets of India, guava fruit has huge demand as it is widely consumed both as fresh fruit and in processed forms.

Guava Fruit Farming In India - Few Key Statistics
guava fruit farming

Guava tree farming is one of the leading fruit cultivation in India. Amongst top guava cultivating countries like China, Thailand, Malaysia, and Pakistan, India grabs a top place in the list of ‘Top Guava Farming Countries in the world’. Before you start guava farming, know these interesting guava farming statistics.

The top Indian states for guava fruit production are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, West Bengal, Orissa, and Tamil Nadu.

According to the latest research, the total guava production across India was 4.92 million metric tons in the year 2022 and the cultivated area for amrood fruit was nearly 315 thousand hectares in the country in 2022.

India exports Guava fruit to over 30 countries across the globe. During the year 2020-2021, Uttar Pradesh remained the top state producing the highest quantity of guava. It contributes nearly 21% of total guava production in India. After that, we have Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, and West Bengal.

Climate and Soil Requirements for Guava Fruit Farming
climate requirements for guava fruit farming

The first step towards successful Psidium guajava/guava plantation in India is knowing the right climatic and soil requirements for this crop. This knowledge is super important. So, let's break down each section of amrud fruit farming.

- Temperature: The ideal temperatures for guava farming are between 25°C to 32°C (77°F to 90°F). Even though it can tolerate higher temperatures, the temperature shouldn't exceed 38°C (100°F).

- Rainfall: For optimal growth of this crop rainfall is between 1000 mm to 2500 mm (40 to 100 inches) annually. When guava fruit is in the development stage, it should get adequate moisture. But, it's important to make sure that there is no prolonged waterlogging in farming land.

- Humidity: The optimal humidity range for guava plantation is between 50% and 80%. In case of high humidity, there is a risk of fungal diseases.

- Soil Requirements: The perfect soil for guava farming is one with superb water-absorbing capability. Hence, we would recommend sandy loam or loamy soils for guava cultivation. Farmers should avoid heavy clay soils that often contain excessive moisture.

- Soil pH: For guava farming in India, farmers need an acidic to neutral soil pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5.

Nutrient Management and Pest/Disease Control For Guava Farming In India
guava fruit diseases

Farmers interested in doing guava fruit plantation in India need to learn about basic nutrient management and pest control for this crop so that the yield is better than ever.

- The basic macro and micronutrients that guava farming requires are nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, iron, boron, copper, and zinc. Experts at Tractor Gyan highly recommend conducting a soil test to check whether the farming land has all these nutrients in adequate quantity.

- If the land is not that much fertile, it's suggested to use foliar sprays to fix the nutrient deficiencies for guava plantation.

- As far as fertilizer dose is concerned, guava crops need approximately 600 grams of Nitrogen and 400 grams of Potassium in the Northern Region. For farmers of the Eastern region, this amount changes, and amrud farming needs 260 grams of Nitrogen and 320 grams of Phosphorus.

- Other than farming on nutrient-rich soil for guava fruit farming, farmers should take appropriate measures to ensure that the crop is pest and disease-free. Guava crops are susceptible to pests like fruit flies, guava moths, and aphids.

- To avoid these and many other crop diseases during guava cultivation, farmers are advised to adopt cultural farming practices, do biological controls on time, and use appropriate pesticide applications.

Harvesting and Other Details for Guava Farming In India
guava fruit farming harvesting

On average, the guava crop needs 120 to 150 days to be ready to harvest. However, you need to learn about some signs that indicate that the crop is ready to harvest. For instance, the amrood fruit will not have a raw smell and it will have a nice pigmented light green color. One tree can easily give two bountiful crops per summer season.

Extra Care Required For Guava Fruit Plantation
Other than these basic details, you should learn that:

- Ripe guava fruits shouldn't be kept in cold storage and should be consumed as soon as possible.

- The transportation of the crop should be done in a way that there is no harm done.

- It's important to protect the amrud fruit from dangers like fungi, fire, and insects during transportation and storage.

-Too high a temperature is not good for the harvested crop.

Cost Involved in Guava Farming
guava fruit farming cost depends on multiple factors like

Before you start the cultivation of guava fruit in India, you need to learn about the expenses involved in the process so that you’re prepared accordingly. So, we will try to decode this aspect of guava farming for you.

If we see the price of guava fruit in India, the average price is INR 100/ kg for standard varieties in urban areas. Some guava varieties are even sold at INR 140-200/ kg. This high selling cost might force one to think that its farming cost will be high too.

This depends on multiple factors like plants per acre, fertilizer cost, cost of planting material, labor cost, manure expenses, and other resources that are a part of the process.

However, the average farming cost for guava fruit is nearly 1.00 to 1.50 lacs* in India. But, you can make a huge profit with this crop as nearly 112 saplings can be planted on one acre of land. With these saplings, the average produced yield is 25-35 KG from one tree.

Keeping these figures in mind, if we do the rough calculations then the total profit of produce after one year is going to be INR 1,30,000.

Conclusion
Guava plantation in India is a fulfilling and profitable ventures if the right practices and procedures are adopted. As the guide explained, you have to learn about appropriate climate conditions, solid requirements, and other aspects that lead to better guava fruit farming.

 

 

The major Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)

growing states in India are Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, Bihar, Assam, Mizoram and Jammu & Kashmir.

Varieties
Mosambi (Maharashtra), Sathgudi, Batavian (Bathayi) (Andhra Pradesh) and Malta and Jaffa (Punjab) are the sweet orange cultivars traditionally grown.

Sweet orange

Soil and climate
Deep well drained loamy soils are the best for the cultivation of sweet orange. Heavy soils, if well drained, yield good crops but cultivation becomes difficult.The pH of soil should be 6.5 to 7.5 and EC of water should be less than 1.0. Plant is highly sensitive to water-logged soils.

A dry climate with about 50-75 cm of rainfall from June-September and with well defined summer and winter season is ideal. Sweet orange can be grown even upto an elevation of 900 m above mean sea level. The extreme of temperature are necessary for achieving higher yield. Temperature 250 C is most ideal and extreme cold and high temperatures are determinate.

Season
The ideal season for cultivation of sweet orange is July to September.

Planting material
Budded plants are the best planting materials. Healthy and vigorously growing budlings budded on Rangpurlime root-stock from a certified nursery have to be selected.

Planting density
Normal spacing - 5 m x 5 m, 5.5 x 5.5 m

Plant population - 400/330 per ha

Preparation of field
Pits of 1 meter cube are dug in square system at prescribed spacing and filled with a mixture of top soil, 15-20 kg farmyard manure and 500 g Super phosphate.

Irrigation
Immediately after planting irrigate copiously. Irrigations may be given once in 10 days. Avoid water stagnation near the plant during monsoon and cyclone periods.

Manures and fertilizers per plant
Nitrogen has to be applied in two doses during March and October. However Farm yard manure, Phosphorous and Potash are to be applied in October.

Fertilizers are applied in a circular band at a radial distance of 120 cm from the tree trunk region. Deep placement or application of fertilizers at two to three areas in a basin should be avoided. In fact, the maximum activity in sweet orange plantation was found within a depth of 25 cm and in acid lime they are more surface oriented, 80-95% being located in top 10cm.

Spray solution containing Sulphate of Zinc (0.5%), Manganese (0.05%), Iron (0.25%), Magnesium (0.5%), Boron (0.1%) and Molybdenum (0.003%) once in 3 months at the time of new flush production. In addition to that apply 25 g in each of Sulphate of Zinc, Manganese and Iron per tree per year.

Sweet orange nutrient deficiency symptoms

Plant protection
Important insect pests of citrus are Citrus black fly and whitefly, Citrus psylla, Citrus thrips, leaf miner, scale insects, bark eating caterpillar/trunk borer, fruit fly, fruit sucking moth, mites, etc.

Leaf miner

Spraying with azadirachtin (1%) @ 10 ml/ l immediately after the appearance of new foliage and 2nd spray after a week period with chemicals thiamethoxam 0.3g + Dichlorovos 0.5ml or thiomethoxam 1ml or NSKE 5% + dichlorovos 0.5 ml or imidacloprid (confidor 100 SL) 0.5 ml or profenophos 2 ml per liter of water was recommended. But care should be taken that the same chemicals should not be sprayed repeatedly. Removal of water shoots which serve as off season source of survival.

Citrus root nematode

During replanting of the nurseries neem cake or castor cake or pongamia cake should be applied @ 60-80 kg per one cent area.
Do not grow Solanaceous crops or bhendi, banana crops in citrus orchards.
Apply carbofuron granules@ 130-160g or thimmet @ 40-80g per plant basin. After 3 months, based on plant age apply 15-25 kg neem or castor or pongamia cake per plant for every 6 months.
Seedlings should be selected from nematode free nurseries
To access the AESA based IPM package for Citrus, click here.

Pruning and training
In order to allow the growth of a strong trunk, initially shoots upto 40 - 50 cm from the ground level should be removed. The centre of the plant should remain open. Branches should be well distributed to all sides. Cross twigs and water suckers are to be removed early. The bearing trees require little or no pruning. All diseased, injured and drooping branches and dead wood are to be removed periodically.

Control of Fruit drop

Early and pre-harvest fruit drop is common in citrus fruits. To control this physiological disorder, it is a better to give three sprays of 2,4-D at 10 ppm (1g/100ℓ), one at the time of flowering, the second one month after fruit set and the third one month before harvest which is beneficial and increases the yield considerably minimizing the fruit drop .

Bahar Treatment

There are three flushes Ambe bahar (Dec-Jan),Mrig Bahar (June-July), Hastha Bahar (Sept-Oct) in sweet orange. The Hastha Bahar crop comes to harvest in summer and gets renumerative price. Stress period of 20-25 days is sufficient for induction of flowering under Andhra Pradesh conditions. Main season of Bahar is August-September which comes to fruiting in March which is having very good market price. The second season practiced for Bahar is Nov-Dec where fruits comes to harvest in the months of July-august.

Intercropping
Legumes and vegetable crops can be raised as intercrop during pre-bearing age to get additional income.

Harvest
Yield of the crop commences from 5th year with 40 - 50 fruits per tree & stabilises around the 8th year. Average production is about 500 - 600 fruits per tree after stabilisation.

Post harvest management
Sweet oranges can be stored at 7 - 8°C with 85 - 90% RH for 4 - 8 weeks.

Sweet oranges may be treated with ethylene gas for de-greening and development of colour. A temperature of 6-7°C, 5-10 ppm of ethylene and 90-95% RH in a de-greening chamber can set a change in colour in about 48 hours.

 

 

 

How to Start Lemon Farming Business

Starting commercial or large scale lemon production business is very easy and simple. You can easily start this business even if you are a beginner.

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But we recommend having training or practical knowledge from existing farmers if you are a beginner. Here we are trying to describe more information about starting commercial lemon farming business.

Site Selection
First of all, you have to select a very good location for starting your commercial lemon farming business. Actually, lemons can be grown in almost all types of soils. Light soils having good drainage are suitable for it’s production.

Ideal pH range should be 5.5 to 7.5. The plants can also grow in slightly alkaline and acidic soils. Light loam and drained soils are considered best for commercial lemon cultivation business.

Land Preparation
Prepare the land perfectly so that the plants can grow well. Plough, cross plough and level the land properly. In case of planting in hilly areas, planting is done on terraces against slopes in hilly areas. High density planting is also possible in such areas.

Climate Requirement For Lemon Production
The sub-tropical climate is the best suited for lemon plant growth and good development. Temperature below -4° C is harmful for the young plants. Soil temperature around 24° C to 25° C seems to be optimum for root growth.

Dry and arid climates/conditions coupled with well-defined summer having low rainfall (ranging from 75cm to 250cm) are most favorable for the growth of the crop.

Varieties/Cultivars
There are many different varieties or cultivars of lemon available throughout the world for commercial production. Some common and popular lemon varieties are Bonnie, Eureka, Lisbon, Sorrento, Yen Ben etc. are some common variety found and cultivated in United States.

Purchase Seeds/Plants
The lemon plants are propagated by budding or air layering. You can either prepare the plants of your own or purchase from any of your nearest nurseries.

Planting
The best season for planting lemon plants is between July and August. Minimum recommended plant density is 208 plants per acre.

Spacing between plants should be kept between 4.5×4.5. Pits of size 60×60×60cm should be dug for planting seedlings. 10Kg of Farmyard Manure and 500g of single superphosphate should be applied to pits while planting.

Caring
The lemon plants are very strong and hardy and they generally require less caring and other management. Although, taking additional care will help the plants to grow better and produce more.

Here we are trying to describe about the top caring process of the plants for commercial lemon farming business.

Fertilizing
The lemon plants are heavy feeders. They require both organic and chemical fertilizers for better growth and maximum production.

Apply well decomposed cow dung at the rate of 5 to 20 kg per tree when the age of the plant is between 1 and 3 years. Apply Urea at the rate of 100-300 grams per tree.

Apply well decomposed cow dung at the rate of 25 to 50 kg and Urea 100 to 300 grams per tree when the tress are between 4 and 6 years of age.

For the trees aged between 7 and 9 years, apply urea at the rate of 600 to 800 grams and well decomposed cow dung at the rate of 60 to 90 kg per tree.

Apply around 100 kg well decomposed cow dung per tree and 800 to 1600 grams of Urea for the trees aged up to 10 years.

Apply whole amount of cow dung during December month whereas apply Urea in two parts; apply first of Urea in February, and second dose in April-May month. At time of applying first dose of Urea, apply whole dose of SSP fertilizer.

Watering/Irrigation
Lemon plants require regular irrigation for better growth and production. Lifesaving irrigation should be given in winters and summers. Irrigation is necessary for Flowering, Fruiting and proper plant growth.

Although, over irrigation may also lead to diseases like Root rot and Collar rot. High frequency watering is beneficial.

Mulching
Mulching is very beneficial for retaining moisture into the soil, it also helps to control weeds. You can use organic materials for using as mulch.

Weeding
Weeds can be controlled by hand-hoeing and also controlled chemically. Use glyphosate at the rate of 1.6 liter per 150 liter of water. Use glyphosate only on weeds not on crop plants.

Pruning
For proper growth of trunk of plant, Shoots in 50-60cm near ground level should be removed. Center of plant should remain open. Water suckers should be removed at early stages of growth.

Pests & Diseases
Like many other commercial crops, the lemon plants are also susceptible to some pests and diseases. Common pests and diseases of the lemon plants are Citrus psylla, Leaf miner, Scale insects, Aphids, Mealy bugs, Citrus canker, Gummosis, Powdery mildew, Black spot, Lemon scab, Collar rot, Zinc deficiency, Iron deficiency etc. Contact with an expert in your area if you notice any problem.

Harvesting
You can start harvesting when the fruits attain proper size, shape along with attractive color. Depending upon variety fruits are generally ready for harvesting in Mid-January to Mid-February.

The Eureka lemon variety grows year-round and abundantly. This is the common supermarket lemon, also known as ‘Four Seasons’ (Quatre Saisons) because of its ability to produce fruit and flowers together throughout the year.

Do harvesting at proper time as too early or too late harvesting will give poor quality. Wash the fruits after harvesting with clean water.

Yield
Yield is generally low during the initial years. You can expect between 50 and 60 fruits per tree in their 2-3 years of age. Production increase as the plants age and you can expect good production from their 8th years of age. Average production is around 700 fruits per tree after stabilization.

Marketing
Marketing lemon is very easy and simple. You can easily sell your products in the local market or any supermarket. Although, you should make a good marketing plan before starting this business.

 

 

Mahogany Tree | Plantation, Best Price, Uses, Income

Mahoganyplant is the Plant that grows the straight, grained, reddish-brown timber or teakwood. scientifically name is “Swietenia macrophylla but there are three types of species are- Swietenia macrophylla, Swietenia mahogany, and Swietenia humilis.

Swietenia species are mainly defined as “mahogany” this Mahogany is a commercially important lumber prized for its durability, beauty, and color, and used for paneling and mahogany tree uses to make furniture, musical instruments, boats, wooden flooring, and other items.

If you don’t have time to care of the plantation for while – you can do Mahogany Trees – Contract Farming Plantation with Income

Successful Farming 188 crops in 1 acre Land self-sufficient Lakhpati farm

The mahogany which grows in natural populations like in tropical jungles, Africa and Asia is a high-value timber tree known for its reddish-brown color, durability, strength, mainly in water resistance, and aesthetic appeal. this mahogany growth is around over 66-65 feet high and reaches around 3-4 feet in diameter.
Cinnamon-farming
Land Preparation for mahogany(Swietenia macrophylla)
Before Preparing the Area we must have to know more about the mahogany growth system Search for a bright spot. Mahogany trees do best when planted in territories that get inclined toward full sun and avoid heavily shaded areas. the best result in warm climates. too many winters can easily damage or destroy mahogany trees. Think twice before planting mahogany if the climate reaches below temperatures of 39-40 degrees Fahrenheit

During the digging of the pit make sure that Dig pit of size 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5ft. , and should be thoroughly cleaned of weeds. Mix organic material into the hole. Add composted cow manure and topsoil to the hole, mixing it into the soil at the bottom and sides of the hole with a garden fork.

Check the soil. Mahogany can easily grow in a wide range of soil types
Most mahogany trees easily survive in any type of soil, Since mahogany trees have deep root systems, you should make sure that the soil you plant it in runs deep.

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Pit Filling & Spacing for mahogany tree plantation
The pits must be filled, as much as possible with the prepared organic pit mixture. If the topsoil is insufficient, little river sand can be used as an inert substitute, which also increases absorb water and ventilation. The pits must be filled at least 1.5 weeks before planting, to settle for the pit mixture. The recommended space for the plant in between with a dimension of 6.0 X 6.5 ft. if you want to prevent weeds you can Apply an herbicide Spray which helps to keep the growing area free from weeds for two years of growth but its not mandatory

Don’t disturb the roots system after removing the sapling. Stand the saple top upright in the center of the planting dig/hole. The roots should be completely under the soil.

Mahogany Tree - Plantation, Growth, Price, Uses, Income,mahogany tree price after 10 years,
This is how tree growing in 2 years -mahogany tree price in cu ft ,Mahogany Tree,mahogany tree plantation,Mahogany,Swietenia macrophylla
Irrigation
After the plantation did immediately provide water. For the best results fill half of the hole with soil, then water this soil before proceeding after the water disappears, fill the remaining of the hole with additional soil and water again. first-month watering should be done alternate day. Hence, a water system should be possible once in 3 to 4 days relying on the dirt and climate conditions.

Do not spread along the surface of the ground because Surface fertilization can result in weed growth.
Fertilizer for mahogany tree plantation
Fertilizer should be applied in a sequential manner
During the First plantation, year apply a balanced fertilizer containing equal parts nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.N: P: K (17:17:17) and Micro mini Nutrients 175 gms. per Plant per month, except at the end of the year (Dec – Jan) period.

This has to be continued every month split and applied through manuring. Make a hole 1 ft. away from the base plants and the depth of the pit should not be more than 1 ft. have some fertilizer in the dig/hole and fill with the soil.

Micro mini nutrient application 1 gm per litter Of water, foliar application once in 20 days for the first year.
Caring for Mahogany Tree plantation
The surrounding area must be cleaned of weeds and keep the soil loose around the plants for well ventilated

As i said above Mahogany can be grown on all the soils. but the quality of its growth depends on the moisture-holding capacity of the soil, depth, structure, and drainage. Mahogany required a mostly moist, warm tropical climate. but maximum & minimum shade temperatures of 28- 45. and well in rainfall zone of 1300-2400 mm. soil quality must be checked as calcium deficiency in the soil results in slow growth of Mahogany Planting since calcium content of the soil is the important factor

Utilize a nursery hose to water the soil around the tree once every week
During rainy seasons, Stop giving more water
Treat multiple times every year but not more than 3 times in a year. Feed the tree with a portion of manure in the spring, summer, and fall seasons, Utilize an equal granular compost for best outcomes
Pruning is required to prune very young mahogany branches. During the first two to six years of the tree’s life, yearly pruning is a must which can help control the height and spread of the tree.
Remove any branches that become bigger than 66% of the measurement of the focal trunk.
Watch out for pests. At the point when you spot such bugs, apply a pesticide to the area
Harvesting, yield & Income
We have seen the highest growth recorded under plantation conditions in BIHAR and NEPAL. where the During the 10 years of age the height growth was 75 ft and diameter was 0.95 ft

If we could assume it at the age of 10 years of Mahogany’s average diameter is 0.95 Ft and height is 75 ft.

Almost 1200-1500 plants can be planted in 1 acre of land which can produce/yield of stem timber is around 32000 Cft timbers.

let’s take an example we can assume it produced a maximum of 18 Cft of timber in 10 years under the best management system with a maximum of 1500 trees per acre.

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Finished Mahogany Wood – mahogany tree price in cu ft , Mahogany Tree, mahogany tree plantation, Mahogany,Swietenia macrophylla
Income After 10-11 Years, 1000 plants may give a return
Mahogany tree price in
A Tree Spacing Calculator which gives you a number of trees per acre and spacing between trees and tree rows

Now let’s assume we have done whatever is explained above regarding mahogany tree price (mahogany tree price in cu ft.)

(Calculation based on 1 acre)

Plant cost is 25-30 RS Per plant so total RS. 30,000 for 1000 plants

fertilizer cost – per acre for entire plant is Rs. 20,000

Labor charge – Rs. 20,000

Other expenses – RS. 30,000
If you are looking for Contract farming for mahogany plantation.
Today they will discuss more Mahogany trees plantation and their contract farming system in other there are lots of other companies are there which provided the contact farming but today they will discuss one company which basically aim to gain farmers as their company and this company has found other ways how a farmer can get more benefits from this contract farming

The company name is Chaturveda Ltd

SSL Agro offered contract farming of commercial forestry crops (mahogany trees) almost five years and a half ago. They had modest beginnings with a few farmers, but in past years they made significant efforts and strides in this field. At present they have a very large number of farmers cultivating furniture plants in thousands of acres in different states.

They established a unique contract mahogany trees cultivation model as below where their farmer’s friends are considered their partners.

Concentrate on the latest technical knowledge to improve their productivity(tree mahogany) which gives the returns to the farmers are maximized

This association over the period of years has developed into a long term relationship, wherein they have farmers who continue to be closely associated with them from mahogany trees farming